Some cool animal images images:
Drama Queen
Image by Nick Chill Photography
View Large On Black
A Killdeer (charadrius vociferus), doing the injured bird act, trying to draw me away from its nest (Posted below), at Lake Murray.
20100531-131
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This image is free to use under a Creative-Commons Non-Commercial Share-alike license. Be sure to properly attribute the image, and please let me know if you use it.
Some cool animal photos images:
ILRI's animal feeding lab in Hyderabad: Preparing fodder samples #3
Image by ILRI
ILRI chemical analysis laboratory technician G Venkateswarlu prepares fodder samples for improved animal feeding at the ILRI lab on the ICRISAT campus in Hyderabad, India (photo credit: ILRI/Stevie Mann).
ILRI's animal feeding lab in Hyderabad: Preparing fodder samples #2
Image by ILRI
ILRI chemical analysis laboratory technician G Venkateswarlu prepares fodder samples for improved animal feeding at the ILRI lab on the ICRISAT campus in Hyderabad, India (photo credit: ILRI/Stevie Mann).
A few nice animal friends images I found:
Dogs and Santa 5.jpg
Image by ctaloi
Along with 200 other dogs Kalli and her friends waited in line to visit with Santa. It was well worth the wait.
BeeFlying_Detail
Image by Not So Much
I took this on a friend's back porch. I had set up some flashes on light stands, triggered wirelessly, to take pictures of hummingbirds, when I noticed a little bee nearby, hovering above a flower. A snapped a picture, and the flashes where near enough to light the little guy and I was lucky to get it in focus.
Postscript: Turns out this is a hoverfly, not a bee. Thanks to markopoulos for the correction.
19th nd market
Image by winstony
animal friends
Some cool animals facts images:
Vicksburg National Military Park (71)
Image by Ken Lund
Vicksburg National Military Park preserves the site of the American Civil War Battle of Vicksburg, waged from May 18 to July 4, 1863. The park, in Vicksburg, Mississippi, and Delta, Louisiana, also commemorates the greater Vicksburg Campaign, which preceded the battle. Reconstructed forts and trenches evoke memories of the 47-day siege that ended in the surrender of the city. Victory here and at Port Hudson gave the United States control of the Mississippi River.
A little known fact about the Vicksburg National Military Park is that, because it was paid for by the Federal Government, all of the Union Monuments were paid for by the US Government. The Confederate states however, were not Federally funded and their representation in the park is the direct result of years of fund raising and multiple benefits. Though the park is located in the South, the Federal Government did not give equal monetary donations to the Union and Confederacy, thus leaving the South to their own devices as far as money was concerned.
The park includes 1,325 historic monuments and markers, 20 miles (32 km) of historic trenches and earthworks, a 16-mile (26 km) tour road, two antebellum homes, 144 emplaced cannons, restored gunboat USS Cairo (sunk on December 12, 1862, on the Yazoo River, recovered successfully in 1964), and the Grant's Canal site, where the Union army attempted to build a canal to let their ships bypass Confederate artillery fire. The Cairo, also known as the "Hardluck Ironclad," was the first U.S. ship in history to be sunk by a torpedo/mine. It was raised in 1964. The Illinois State Memorial has 47 steps, one for every day Vicksburg was besieged.
The remnants of Grant's Canal, a detached section of the military park, are located across from Vicksburg near Delta, Louisiana. Union Army Major General Ulysses S. Grant ordered the project, started on June 27, 1862, as part of his Vicksburg Campaign, with two goals in mind. The first was to alter the course of the Mississippi River in order to bypass the Confederate guns at Vicksburg. For various technical reasons the project failed to meet this goal. The river did change course by itself on April 26, 1876. The project met its second goal, keeping troops occupied during the laborious maneuvering required to begin the Battle of Vicksburg.
The national military park was established on February 21, 1899, to commemorate the siege and defense of Vicksburg. The park sprawls over 1,800 acres (7.3 km2) of land. The park and cemetery were transferred from the War Department to the National Park Service (NPS) on August 10, 1933. Of the park's 1,736.47 acres (not including the cemetery), 1,729.63 acres (6.9996 km2) are federally owned.
In the late 1950s, a portion of the park was transferred to the city as a local park in exchange for closing local roads running through the remainder of the park. It also allowed for the construction of Interstate 20. The monuments in land transferred to the city are still maintained by the NPS. As with all historic areas administered by the NPS, the park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966. Over a million visitors visit the park every year.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicksburg_National_Military_Park
The Siege of Vicksburg was the final major military action in the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War. In a series of maneuvers, Union Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and his Army of the Tennessee crossed the Mississippi River and drove the Confederate army of Lt. Gen. John C. Pemberton into the defensive lines surrounding the fortress city of Vicksburg, Mississippi.
When two major assaults (May 19 and May 22, 1863) against the Confederate fortifications were repulsed with heavy casualties, Grant decided to besiege the city beginning on May 25. With no re-enforcement, supplies nearly gone, and after holding out for more than forty days, the garrison finally surrendered on July 4. This action (combined with the capitulation of Port Hudson on July 9) yielded command of the Mississippi River to the Union forces, which would hold it for the rest of the conflict.
The Confederate surrender following the siege at Vicksburg is sometimes considered, when combined with Gen. Robert E. Lee's defeat at Gettysburg the previous day, the turning point of the war. It also cut off communication with Confederate forces in the Trans-Mississippi Department for the remainder of the war. The city of Vicksburg would not celebrate Independence Day for about eighty years as a result of the siege and surrender as well.
After crossing the Mississippi River south of Vicksburg at Bruinsburg and driving northeast, Grant won battles at Port Gibson and Raymond and captured Jackson, the Mississippi state capital, in mid-May 1863, forcing Pemberton to withdraw westward. Attempts to stop the Union advance at Champion Hill and Big Black River Bridge were unsuccessful. Pemberton knew that the corps under Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman was preparing to flank him from the north; he had no choice but to withdraw or be outflanked. Pemberton burned the bridges over the Big Black River and took everything edible in his path, both animal and plant, as he retreated to the well-fortified city of Vicksburg.
The Confederates evacuated Hayne's Bluff, which was occupied by Sherman's cavalry on May 19, and Union steamboats no longer had to run the guns of Vicksburg, now being able to dock by the dozens up the Yazoo River. Grant could now receive supplies more directly than the previous route, which ran through Louisiana, over the river crossing at Grand Gulf and Bruinsburg, then back up north.
Over three quarters of Pemberton's army had been lost in the two preceding battles and many in Vicksburg expected General Joseph E. Johnston, in command of the Confederate Department of the West, to relieve the city—which he never did. Large masses of Union troops were on the march to invest the city, repairing the burnt bridges over the Big Black River; which Grant's forces crossed on May 18. Johnston sent a note to his general, Pemberton, asking him to sacrifice the city and save his troops, something Pemberton would not do. (Pemberton, a Northerner by birth, was probably influenced by his fear of public condemnation if he abandoned Vicksburg).
As the Union forces approached Vicksburg, Pemberton could put only 18,500 troops in his lines. Grant had over 35,000, with more on the way. However, Pemberton had the advantage of terrain and fortifications that made his defense nearly impregnable. The defensive line around Vicksburg ran approximately 6.5 miles, based on terrain of varying elevations that included hills and knobs with steep angles for an attacker to ascend under fire. The perimeter included many gun pits, forts, trenches, redoubts, and lunettes. The major fortifications of the line included Fort Hill, on a high bluff north of the city; the Stockade Redan, dominating the approach to the city on Graveyard Road from the northeast; the 3rd Louisiana Redan; the Great Redoubt; the Railroad Redoubt, protecting the gap for the railroad line entering the city; the Square Fort (Fort Garrott); a salient along the Hall's Ferry Road; and the South Fort.
Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant's Union Army of the Tennessee brought three corps to the battle: the XIII Corps, under Maj. Gen. John A. McClernand; the XV Corps, under Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman; and the XVII Corps, under Maj. Gen. James B. McPherson.
Lt. Gen. John C. Pemberton's Confederate Army of Mississippi inside the Vicksburg line consisted of four divisions, under Maj. Gens. Carter L. Stevenson, John H. Forney, Martin L. Smith, and John S. Bowen.
Grant wanted to overwhelm the Confederates before they could fully organize their defenses and ordered an immediate assault against Stockade Redan for May 19. Troops from Sherman's corps had a difficult time approaching the position under rifle and artillery fire from the 36th Mississippi Infantry, Brig. Gen. Louis Hébert's brigade—they had to negotiate a steep ravine protected by abatis and cross a six-foot deep, eight-foot wide ditch before attacking the 17-foot high walls of the redan. This first attempt was easily repulsed. Grant ordered an artillery bombardment to soften the defenses and at about 2 p.m., Sherman's division under Maj. Gen. Francis P. Blair tried again, but only a small number of men were able to advance even as far as the ditch below the redan. The assault collapsed in a melee of rifle fire and hand grenades lobbing back and forth.
The failed Federal assaults of May 19 damaged Union morale, deflating the confidence the soldiers felt after their string of victories across Mississippi. They were also costly, with casualties of 157 killed, 777 wounded, and 8 missing, versus Confederate casualties of 8 killed and 62 wounded. The Confederates, assumed to be demoralized, had regained their fighting edge.
Grant planned another assault for May 22, but this time with greater care; they would first reconnoiter thoroughly and soften up the defenses with artillery and naval gunfire. The lead units were supplied with ladders to ascend the fortification walls. Grant did not want a long siege, and this attack was to be by the entire army across a wide front.
Despite their bloody repulse on May 19, Union troops were in high spirits, now well-fed with provisions they had foraged. On seeing Grant pass by, a soldier commented, "Hardtack." Soon all Union troops in the vicinity were yelling, "Hardtack! Hardtack!" The Union served hardtack, beans, and coffee the night of May 21. Everyone expected that Vicksburg would fall the next day.
Union forces bombarded the city all night, from 220 artillery pieces and naval gunfire from Rear Adm. David D. Porter's fleet in the river, and while causing little property damage, they damaged Confederate civilian morale. On the morning of May 22, the defenders were bombarded again for four hours before the Union attacked once more along a three-mile front at 10 a.m.
Sherman attacked once again down the Graveyard Road, with 150 volunteers (nicknamed the Forlorn Hope detachment) leading the way with ladders and planks, followed by the divisions of Blair and Brig. Gen. James M. Tuttle, arranged in a long column of regiments, hoping to achieve a breakthrough by concentrating their mass on a narrow front. They were driven back in the face of heavy rifle fire. Blair's brigades under Cols. Giles A. Smith and T. Kilby Smith made it as far as a ridge 100 yards from Green's Redan, the southern edge of the Stockade Redan, from where they poured heavy fire into the Confederate position, but to no avail. Tuttle's division, waiting its turn to advance, did not have an opportunity to move forward. On Sherman's far right, the division of Brig. Gen. Frederick Steele spent the morning attempting to get into position through a ravine of the Mint Spring Bayou.
McPherson's corps was assigned to attack the center along the Jackson Road. On their right flank, the brigade of Brig. Gen. Thomas E. G. Ransom advanced to within 100 yards of the Confederate line, but halted to avoid dangerous flanking fire from Green's Redan. On McPherson's left flank, the division of Maj. Gen. John A. Logan was assigned to assault the 3rd Louisiana Redan and the Great Redoubt. The brigade of Brig. Gen. John E. Smith made it as far as the slope of the redan, but huddled there, dodging grenades until dark before they were recalled. Brig. Gen. John D. Stevenson's brigade advanced well in two columns against the redoubt, but their attack also failed when they found their ladders were too short to scale the fortification. Brig. Gen. Isaac F. Quinby's division advanced a few hundred yards, but halted for hours while its generals engaged in confused discussions.
On the Union left, McClernand's corps moved along the Baldwin Ferry Road and astride the Southern Railroad of Mississippi. The division of Brig. Gen. Eugene A. Carr was assigned to capture the Railroad Redoubt and the 2nd Texas Lunette; the division of Brig. Gen. Peter J. Osterhaus was assigned the Square Fort. Carr's men achieved a small breakthrough at the 2nd Texas Lunette and requested reinforcements.
By 11 a.m., it was clear that a breakthrough was not forthcoming and the advances by Sherman and McPherson were failures. Just then, Grant received a message from McClernand, which stated that he was heavily engaged, the Confederates were being reinforced, and he requested a diversion on his right from McPherson's corps. Grant initially refused the request, telling McClernand to use his own reserve forces for assistance; Grant was mistakenly under the impression that McClernand had been lightly engaged and McPherson heavily, although the reverse was true. McClernand followed up with a message that was partially misleading, implying that he had captured two forts—"The Stars and Stripes are flying over them."—and that another push along the line would achieve victory for the Union Army. Although Grant once again demurred, he showed the dispatch to Sherman, who ordered his own corps to advance again. Grant, reconsidering, then ordered McPherson to send Quinby's division to aid McClernand.
Sherman ordered two more assaults. At 2:15 p.m., Giles Smith and Ransom moved out and were repulsed immediately. At 3 p.m., Tuttle's division suffered so many casualties in their aborted advance that Sherman told Tuttle, "This is murder; order those troops back." By this time, Steele's division had finally maneuvered into position on Sherman's right, and at 4 p.m., Steele gave the order to charge against the 26th Louisiana Redoubt. They had no more success than any of Sherman's other assaults.
In McPherson's sector, Logan's division made another thrust down the Jackson Road at about 2 p.m., but met with heavy losses and the attack was called off. McClernand attacked again, reinforced by Quinby's division, but with no success. Union casualties were 502 killed, 2,550 wounded, and 147 missing, about evenly divided across the three corps. Confederate casualties were not reported directly, but are estimated to be under 500. Grant blamed McClernand's misleading dispatches for part of the poor results of the day, storing up another grievance against the political general who had caused him so many aggravations during the campaign.
Historian Shelby Foote wrote that Grant "did not regret having made the assaults; he only regretted that they had failed."[21] Grant reluctantly settled into a siege. On May 25, Lt. Col. John A. Rawlins issued Special Orders No. 140 for Grant: "Corps Commanders will immediately commence the work of reducing the enemy by regular approaches. It is desirable that no more loss of life shall be sustained in the reduction of Vicksburg, and the capture of the Garrison. Every advantage will be taken of the natural inequalities of the ground to gain positions from which to start mines, trenches, or advance batteries. ..." Grant wrote in his memoirs, "I now determined upon a regular siege—to 'out-camp the enemy,' as it were, and to incur no more losses."
Federal troops began to dig in, constructing elaborate entrenchments (the soldiers of the time referred to them as "ditches") that surrounded the city and moved closer and closer to the Confederate fortifications. With their backs against the Mississippi and Union gunboats firing from the river, Confederate soldiers and citizens alike were trapped. Pemberton was determined to hold his few miles of the Mississippi as long as possible, hoping for relief from Johnston or elsewhere.
A new problem confronted the Confederates. The dead and wounded of Grant's army lay in the heat of Mississippi summer, the odor of the deceased men and horses fouling the air, the wounded crying for medical help and water. Grant first refused a request of truce, thinking it a show of weakness. Finally he relented, and the Confederates held their fire while the Union recovered the wounded and dead, soldiers from both sides mingling and trading as if no hostilities existed for the moment.
Subsequent to this truce, Grant's army began to fill the 12 mile ring around Vicksburg. In short time it became clear that even 50,000 Union soldiers would not be able to effect a complete encirclement of the Confederate defenses. Pemberton's outlook on escape was pessimistic, but there were still roads leading south out of Vicksburg unguarded by Federal troops. Grant found help from Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck, the Union general-in-chief. Halleck quickly began to shift Union troops in the West to meet Grant's needs. The first of these reinforcements to arrive along the siege lines was a 5,000 man division from the Department of the Missouri under Maj. Gen. Francis J. Herron on June 11. Herron's troops, remnants of the Army of the Frontier, were attached to McPherson's corps and took up position on the far south. Next came a three division detachment from the XVI Corps led by Brig. Gen. Cadwallader C. Washburn on June 12, assembled from troops at nearby posts of Corinth, Memphis, and LaGrange. The final significant group of reinforcements to join was the 8,000 man strong IX Corps from the Department of the Ohio, led by Maj. Gen. John G. Parke, arriving on June 14. With the arrival of Parke, Grant had 77,000 men around Vicksburg.
In an effort to cut Grant's supply line, Confederates in Louisiana under Maj. Gen. John G. Walker attacked Milliken's Bend up the Mississippi on June 7. This was mainly defended by untrained colored troops, who fought bravely with inferior weaponry and finally fought off the rebels with help from gunboats, although at horrible cost; the defenders lost 652 to the Confederate 185. The loss at Milliken's Bend left the Confederates with no hope for relief but from the cautious Johnston.
Pemberton was boxed in with lots of inedible munitions and little food. The poor diet was showing on the Confederate soldiers. By the end of June, half were out sick or hospitalized. Scurvy, malaria, dysentery, diarrhea, and other diseases cut their ranks. At least one city resident had to stay up at night to keep starving soldiers out of his vegetable garden. The constant shelling did not bother him as much as the loss of his food. As the siege wore on, fewer and fewer horses, mules, and dogs were seen wandering about Vicksburg. Shoe leather became a last resort of sustenance for many adults.
During the siege, Union gunboats lobbed over 22,000 shells into the town and army artillery fire was even heavier. As the barrages continued, suitable housing in Vicksburg was reduced to a minimum. A ridge, located between the main town and the rebel defense line, provided a diverse citizenry with lodging for the duration. Over 500 caves were dug into the yellow clay hills of Vicksburg. Whether houses were structurally sound or not, it was deemed safer to occupy these dugouts. People did their best to make them comfortable, with rugs, furniture, and pictures. They tried to time their movements and foraging with the rhythm of the cannonade, sometimes unsuccessfully. Because of these dugouts or caves, the Union soldiers gave the town the nickname of "Prairie Dog Village." Despite the ferocity of the Union fire against the town, fewer than a dozen civilians were known to have been killed during the entire siege.
One of Grant's actions during the siege was to settle a lingering rivalry. On May 30, General McClernand wrote a self-adulatory note to his troops, claiming much of the credit for the soon-to-be victory. Grant had been waiting six months for him to slip, ever since they clashed early in the campaign, around the Battle of Arkansas Post. He had received permission to relieve McClernand in January 1863 but waited for a unequivocal provocation. Grant finally relieved McClernand on June 18. He so diligently prepared his action that McClernand was left without recourse. McClernand's XIII Corps was turned over to Maj. Gen. Edward Ord, recovered from a wound sustained at Hatchie's Bridge. In May 1864, McClernand was restored to a command in remote Texas.
Another command change occurred on June 22. In addition to Pemberton at his front, Grant had to be concerned with Confederate forces in his rear under the command of Joseph E. Johnston. He stationed one division in the vicinity of the Big Black River bridge and another reconnoitered as far north as Mechanicsburg, both to act as a covering force. By June 10, the IX Corps, under Maj. Gen. John G. Parke, was transferred to Grant's command. This corps became the nucleus of a special task force whose mission was to prevent Johnston, gathering his forces at Canton, from interfering with the siege. Sherman was given command of this task force and Brig. Gen. Frederick Steele replaced him at the XV Corps. Johnston eventually began moving to relieve Pemberton and reached the Big Black River on July 1, but he delayed a potentially difficult encounter with Sherman until it was too late for the Vicksburg garrison, and then fell back to Jackson.
Late in the siege, Union troops tunneled under the 3rd Louisiana Redan and packed the mine with 2,200 pounds of gunpowder. The explosion blew apart the Confederate lines on June 25, while an infantry attack made by troops from Logan's XVII Corps division, followed the blast. The 45th Illinois Regiment (known as the "Lead Mine Regiment"), under Col. Jasper A. Maltby, charged into the 40-foot (12 m) diameter, 12-foot (3.7 m) deep crater with ease, but were stopped by recovering Confederate infantry. The Union soldiers became pinned down while the defenders also rolled artillery shells with short fuses into the pit with deadly results. Union engineers worked to set up a casemate in the crater in order to extricate the infantry, and soon the soldiers fell back to a new defensive line. From the crater left by the explosion on June 25, Union miners worked to dig a new mine to the south. On July 1, this mine was detonated but no infantry attack followed. Pioneers worked throughout July 2 and July 3 to widen the initial crater large enough for an infantry column of four to pass through for future anticipated assaults. However, events the following day negated the need for any further assaults.
On July 3, Pemberton sent a note to Grant, who, as at Fort Donelson, first demanded unconditional surrender. But Grant reconsidered, not wanting to feed 30,000 hungry Confederates in Union prison camps, and offered to parole all prisoners. Considering their destitute state, dejected and starving, he never expected them to fight again; he hoped they would carry home the stigma of defeat to the rest of the Confederacy. In any event, it would have occupied his army and taken months to ship that many troops north.[34]
Surrender was formalized by an old oak tree, "made historical by the event." In his Personal Memoirs, Grant described the fate of this luckless tree:
It was but a short time before the last vestige of its body, root and limb had disappeared, the fragments taken as trophies. Since then the same tree has furnished as many cords of wood, in the shape of trophies, as the 'True Cross'.
The surrender was finalized on July 4, Independence Day, a day Pemberton had hoped would bring more sympathetic terms from the United States. Although the Vicksburg Campaign continued with some minor actions, the fortress city had fallen and, with the surrender of Port Hudson on July 9, the Mississippi River was firmly in Union hands and the Confederacy split in two. President Lincoln famously announced, "The Father of Waters again goes unvexed to the sea."
Union casualties for the battle and siege of Vicksburg were 4,835; Confederate were 32,697 (29,495 surrendered). The full campaign, since March 29, claimed 10,142 Union and 9,091 Confederate killed and wounded. In addition to his surrendered men, Pemberton turned over to Grant 172 cannons and 50,000 rifles.
Tradition holds that the Fourth of July holiday was not celebrated by Vicksburg until World War II, because of the surrender of the city on July 4.
The works around Vicksburg are now maintained by the National Park Service as part of Vicksburg National Military Park.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg
Check out these about animals images:
Sheep shows, sheep and wool industry / by Sam Hood
Image by State Library of New South Wales collection
Format: Photoprint
Notes: Find more detailed information about this photograph: acms.sl.nsw.gov.au/item/itemDetailPaged.aspx?itemID=153585
Search for more great images in the State Library's collections: acms.sl.nsw.gov.au/search/SimpleSearch.aspx
From the collection of the State Library of New South Wales www.sl.nsw.gov.au
A Happy Birthday
Image by Powerhouse Museum Collection
Format: Glass plate negative.
Rights Info: No known restrictions on publication.
Repository: Tyrrell Photographic Collection, Powerhouse Museum www.powerhousemuseum.com/collection/database/collection=Tyrrell_Photographic
Part Of: Powerhouse Museum Collection
General information about the Powerhouse Museum Collection is available at www.powerhousemuseum.com/collection/database
Persistent URL: www.powerhousemuseum.com/collection/database/?irn=29338
Acquisition credit line: Gift of Australian Consolidated Press under the Taxation Incentives for the Arts Scheme, 1985
La Tortue Girafe // The Giraffe Tortoise
Image by Stéfan
Part of the Marine Worlds carrousel.
The Marine Worlds will be a huge carrousel, rising nearly 25m high and measuring 20m in diameter. It will feature 35 moving underwater creatures on three levels: the ocean floor, the depths, and sea and boats. Visitors will be able to move about amidst a ballet of aquatic animals and sea carriages, as well as climb aboard and guide the movements of the Machines.
The Marine Worlds carrousel will open in 2012.
Dans la galerie des Machines de l'Île de Nantes
Inside the gallery of the Machines de l'Île (Nantes, France)
A few nice animal images I found:
Bear Cubs
Image by Bob Jagendorf
Six Flags Animal Safari
they haven't been home in two or three days
Image by Robert Bruce Murray III // Sort Of Natural
Thinking about doing a set of corners..
shot with my now sold Minolta XG-1
twitter @thirddesign
blog thirddesign dot net
come tumble with us!
also... we are looking for photos for our flickr group SortOfNatural just good shtuff
"Safer" live Animal Collective
A few nice animal plant images I found:
Puncturevine, Burra Gokharu, Caltrop, Tribulus terrestris....Tật Lê, Bạch Tật Lê, Gai ma vương, Quỷ kiến sầu nhỏ ....#1
Image by Vietnam Plants & The USA. plants
Chụp hình ngày 8 - 9 - 2012 tại thành phố Waco, tiểu bang Texas, thuộc miền Nam nước Mỹ
Cây được phát hiện mọc hoang ở vùng đất khô, đất cát dọc ven biển các tỉnh Quảng Bình, Quảng Trị, Thừa Thiên Huế và các tỉnh miền Nam.
Taken on Sept 8, 2012 in Waco city, Texas state, Southern of America.
Vietnamese named : Tật Lê, Bạch Tật Lê, Gai ma vương, Gai chống, Quỷ Kiến Sầu nhỏ.
Common names : Bindii, Bullhead, Burra Gokharu, Caltrop, Cat's head, Devil's eyelashes, Devil's thorn, Devil's weed,Goathead, Puncturevine,Tackweed.
Scientist name : Tribulus terrestris L.
Synonyms :
Family : Zygophyllaceae – Creosote-bush family
Group : Dicot
Duration : Annual
Growth Habit : Forb/herb
Kingdom : Plantae – Plants
Subkingdom : Tracheobionta – Vascular plants
Superdivision : Spermatophyta – Seed plants
Division : Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants
Class : Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons
Subclass : Rosidae
Order : Sapindales
Genus : Tribulus L. – puncturevine
Species : Tribulus terrestris L. – puncturevine
**** www.tvvn.org/forum/showwiki.php?title=Chapter:Gai_Ch%E1%B... : Dược sỉ Trần Việt Hưng
Viagra được xem là một viên thuốc đã đem đến một cuộc 'cách mạng' trong vấn đề sinh hoạt 'tình dục'. Rất nhiều bài viết trên các tạp chí thông thường cũng như tập san chuyên môn đã đề cập đến Viagra. Tuy nhiên hiện vẫn còn câu hỏi được nhiều người chờ giải đáp là 'có dược thảo nào thay thế được Viagra không?'. Trong tạp chí Natural Health số tháng 9-10 năm 1998, Rob Ivker D.O., khi trả lời bạn đọc trên mục "Man to Man" có đề cập đến 2 dược thảo Yohimbine, và 'Puncture Vine' hay Tribulus terrestris. Yohimbine là cây thuốc quen thuộc với giới Y-dược, nhưng Tribulus terrestris mới thật sự là cây thuốc đáng chú ý vì rất dễ tìm tại Việt Nam và quả thật có tác dụng không kém Viagra!
Tribulus terrestris, gia đình thực vật Zygophyllaceae được gọi tại Việt Nam là cây Gai Chống, cùng những tên khác như Bạch tật lê, Gai ma vương,Thích tật lê... Cây mọc rất phổ biến tại Ấn Độ, Trung Hoa, Việt Nam, vài vùng tại Âu châu và Nam Phi nơi những vùng đất hoang dại. Tên gọi tại Ấn Độ là Gokhru ( chữ Phạn = Gokshura). Tên Gokhru do ở hình dạng của quả giống như móng bò.
Tại Hoa Kỳ, cây được gọi dưới nhiều tên như Puncture vine, Abrojos, Caltrop, Cat's-Head, Common Dubblejie, Devil's-Thorn, Goathead, Nature's Viagra (!). Tên Puncture Vine là do ở hạt của cây nhọn đến độ có thể làm xì lốp xe đạp.
Tại Việt Nam, Gai chống mọc hoang dại ở những vùng đất khô, đất cát dọc vùng ven biển từ miền Trung (Quảng Bình) xuống miền Nam.
Cây thuộc loại thân thảo, mọc hàng năm hay lưỡng niên, bò sát mặt đất, phân nhiều nhánh, nhánh có thể dài 30-60 cm, trên thân có lông nhung ngắn. Lá kép , lông chim có 5-7 lá chét. Lá thuôn dài 5-10 mm, mặt dưới có phiến phủ lông trắng. Hoa mọc đơn độc, màu vàng nhạt, mọc riêng lẻ ở kẽ lá, cuống hoa ngắn có lông trắng. Quả đa dạng, thường có hình 5 cạnh , mỗi khoang chứa nhiều hạt. Rễ hình trụ, dài 10-15 cm, màu nâu nhạt, có mùi thơm nhẹ. Cây trổ hoa vào cuối mùa xuân, đầu mùa hạ.
Phần dùng làm dược liệu là quả và rễ.
Thành phần hóa học:
- Phytosterols và Saponins:
Quả chứa Protodioscin, methylprotodioscin, terrestrosins A-E, desgalactotigonin, F-gitonin, desglucolanatigonin, gitonin và các glycosides loại furostanol cùng với Beta-sitosterol, spirosta-3,5-diene và stigmasterol. Hai saponins có chứa nhóm sulfate mới được cô lập năm 2002 là Prototribestrin và methylprototribestrin
Hoa cũng chứa các sapogenins loại sterod thuộc nhóm diosgenin, hecogenin và ruscogenin.
- Flavonoids: Trong Hoa có Kaempferol , Kaempferol-3-glucoside, Kaempferol-3-rutinoside và Quercetin.
- Lignans: như Tribulusamides A và B.
- Alkaloids: Harman và Harmine.
- Lá Tribulus đôi khi được ăn như rau chứa 7.22 % protein, 1.55 % Cal cium ; 0.08 % Phosphorus ; 9.22 mg Sắt/ 100 g lá và 41.5 mg Vit C.
- Quả cũng chứa một số chất béo (3.5-5%) như stearic, palmitic, myristic, arachidic, behinic acid.
Đặc tính Dược học:
Đa số các nghiên cứu về dược tính của Tribulus terrestris được thực hiện tại Ấn Độ, Trung Hoa và Nhật Bản.
1- Khả năng chống sạn thận:
Dịch triết bằng ethanol của quả Tribulus cho thấy có tác dụng bảo vệ khá mạnh chống lại sự tạo sạn gây ra bằng cách cấy hạt thủy tinh vào chuột bạch tạng; tác dụng này tuỳ vào liều sử dụng, và do ở phần hoạt chất tan trong methanol (Indian Journal of Experimental Biology Số 32/1994). Tác dụng ly giải sạn (litholytic) cũng được nghiên cứu nơi chuột bị tạo ra tình trạng dư oxalat trong nước tiểu (hyperoxalurea) bằng hydroxy pyroline và sodium glycolate: khi cho chuột uống dịch trích bằng nước Tribulus, sự bài tiết oxalate theo nước tiểu trở về mức bình thường sau 21 ngày và giữ nguyên được mức độ này trong 15 ngày sau khi ngưng thuốc (Phytotherapy Research Số 7-1993). Cơ chế hoạt động của Tribulus terrestris được giải thích như sau: do tác dụng ức chế men glycolic acid oxydase, (GAO) men này giúp chuyển hoá glycolate thành glyoxylate. Hoạt động của GAO đưa đến kết quả là có phản ứng oxy hóa glycolic acid thành glyoxylate (một chất biến dưỡng độc), và sau cùng thành oxalate.
2- Tác dụng lợi tiểu:
Dịch trích bằng nước Terrestris chứa lượng Potassium khá cao, có thể tạo tác dụng lợi tiểu. Nghiên cứu tại khoa niệu học, bệnh viện The Royal London & Homerton, London (Anh) cho thấy dịch trích Terrestris tribulus bằng nước, ở liều uống 5g/kg có tác dụng lợi tiểu hơi mạnh hơn furosemide, nồng độ của các ions Na(+), K(+),Cl(-) trong nước tiểu cũng gia tăng. Tác dụng của Tribulus mạnh hơn là tác dụng của râu bắp. Ngoài ra Tribulus còn tạo ra co bóp ruột non nơi chuột bọ thử nghiệm (J Ethnopharmacology Số 85(Apr)-2003.
3- Tác dụng bảo vệ Thận:
Sự hư hại nơi thận gây ra bởi gentamycin được giảm bớt khi cho dùng chung với Tribulus terrestris (Update Ayurveda 1994.
4- Hoạt tính kháng sinh:
Dịch trích từ Quả và Lá Tribulus terrestris có hoạt tính kháng Escherichia và Staphyloccus aureus (J of Research in Indian Medicine Số 9-1974).
5- Tác dụng kích thích tim:
Dung dịch tinh khiết hóa một phần của Tribulus có tác dụng kích thích cơ tim (cô lập) rất mạnh: có sự gia tăng lực co bóp cùng với tác dụng chronotropic âm. Saponins ly trích từ Tribulus tạo ra sự giản nở động mạch vành, giúp cải thiện sự tuần hoàn động mạch nơi những bệnh nhân bị bệnh tim/ động mạch: Thử nghiệm trên 406 bệnh nhân bị angina pectoris tại Bệnh viện Jilin (Trung Hoa) cho dùng saponins trích từ Tribulus đưa đến kết quả thành công đến 82.3 %: EEG được cải thiện nơi 52.7 % (Pub Med PMID:2364467).
6- Tác dụng tăng khả năng sinh sản:
Các biglycosides loại furostanol cô lập từ dịch chiết bằng alcohol có tác dụng kích thích sự sản xuất tinh trùng và hoạt tính của tế bào Sertoli nơi chuột.Terrestrioside-F làm tăng libido và đáp ứng tình dục nơi chuột đực đồng thời tạo tiềm năng rụng trứng, gia tăng khả năng thụ thai nơi chuột cái ( J Science Research and Plant Medicine in India Số 1-1980).
7- Tác dụng trên chứng rối loạn cường dương:
Protodioscin được cho là có tác dụng cải thiện sự ham muốn tình dục, và gia tăng độ cường dương bằng cách chuyển biến protodioscin thành DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone). Tuy nhiên, lượng protodioscin trong cây rất biến đổi, khó định được hàm lượng chính xác. (Journal of Andro logy (Số 23-2000).
Một nghiên cứu về tác dụng của Tribulus terrestris trên các tế bào xốp (corpus cavernosum) ở cơ quan sinh dục đã cô lập nơi thỏ, đồng thời xác định cơ chế hoạt tính của cây đã được thực hiện tại Đại học Y Khoa Singapore: Thỏ được cho uống mỗi ngày một lần dịch trích từ Tribulus, liên tục trong 8 tuần, theo những liều lượng khác nhau. Thỏ sau đó bị giết và mô tế bào bộ phận sinh dục được cô lập để lượng định sự đáp ứng với thuốc và với sự kích ứng bằng điện trường. Các phản ứng thư giãn với acetylcholine, nitroglycerin và EFS được so sánh với các thông số kiểm soát: Sự mất hoạt tính trên đáp ứng co rút với noradrenaline và histamine cho thấy prodioscin có tác dụng thật sự trên khả năng cường dương do ở sự gia tăng phóng thích nitric oxide từ tế bào endothelium và tế bào thần kinh nitrergic.(Ann Acad Med Singapore Số 29 (Jan)-2000).
Nghiên cứu kế tiếp, cũng tại ĐH Y Khoa Singapore (Life Science Số 71 tháng 8-2002) đã thử nghiệm Tribulus terrestris trên chuột, chia thành 2 nhóm: nhóm bình thường và nhóm bị thiến, cho dùng Tribulus, đối chứng với Testosterone; các thông số nghiên cứu dựa trên các hoạt động tình dục và áp lực trên các tế bào xốp nơi bộ phận sinh dục như số lượt muốn giao cấu, muốn nhẩy đực, thời gian xuất tinh ... Kết quả cho thấy nhóm dùng Tribulus có những gia tăng hoạt động tình dục rõ rệt, riêng nhóm chuột bị thiến có sự gia tăng trọng lượng cúa tuyến nhiếp hộ, và áp lực trên các tế bào xốp.
Những nghiên cứu khác tại ĐH Iowa State, thử nghiệm các sản phẩm phối hợp Tribulus terrestris với Androstenediol, Saw palmetto, Indol-3-Carbinol, Chrysin.. bán trên thị trường như DION, AND-HB.. cho thấy những kết quả như có sự gia tăng nồng độ testosterone tự do nơi nhóm người trên 50 tuổi, đồng thời androstenedione kèm theo trong các sản phẩm không bị ngăn ngừa để chuyển biến thành estradiol và dihydrotesto sterone (J. Am Coll Nutr. Tháng 10-2001).
8- Tác dụng hạ đường trong máu:
Thử nghiệm tại ĐH East China Normal University, Thượng Hải dùng chuột bị tạo bệnh tiểu đường bằng alloxan, cho uống saponins trích từ Tribulus, so sánh với viên phenformin (đối chứng). Kết quả ghi nhận saponins trong Tribulus làm giảm mức glucose trong máu rõ rệt với những tỷ lệ 26.25 % nơi chuột bình thường và 40.67 % nơi chuột bị tiểu đường. Mức triglycerides cũng giảm hạ được 23.35 %. Hoạt tính của SOD cũng gia tăng (PubMed-PMID :12583337).
9- Hoạt tính trên tế bào ung thư:
Các saponins loại steroid của Tribulus đã được thử nghiệm về khả năng kháng sinh và giết tế bào ung thư (Pharmazie July 2002). Các saponins steroid nhóm spirostanol có tác động rất mạnh trên các nấm Candida albicans và Cryptococcus neoformans, và trên các tế bảo ung thư các loại melanoma SK-MEL, carcinoma miệng KB, carcinoma vú BT-549 và carcinoma buồng trứng SK-OV-3..
Tribulus terrestris trong Dược học dân gian:
Tribulus terrestris được sử dụng tại Việt Nam, Ấn Độ, Trung Hoa để trị một số bệnh trong dược học dân gian:
- Tại Ấn Độ: Quả được dùng trong nhiều bệnh như giúp khai vị, chống sưng viêm, điều kinh, kiện vị, bổ, lợi tiểu, sinh sữa, tráng dương, ngoài ra cũng còn dùng trong các bệnh về bàng quang giúp lợi tiểu, trị sạn, sưng gan phong thấp; trị bệnh ngoài da như psoriasis, cùi và ghẻ.
- Tại Việt Nam: Tribulus hay Gai chống được dùng trị đau đầu, đỏ mắt, chảy nhiều nước mắt, phong ngứa, kinh nguyệt không đều, sữa không thông. Dùng quả chín sắc uống để trị kiết lỵ ra máu.
- Tại Trung Hoa: Hoa dùng để trị cùi, Đọt lá trị ghẻ; Quả khô hay sắc để trị đầy hơi, sưng gan, đau mắt, bệnh thận. Hạt có tính trụy thai, trị sán lãi, ho, xuất huyết.
Tribulus terrestris trong Đông Y:
Đông Y cổ truyền sử dụng Tribulus hay Bạch tật lê (Bai-ji-li) từ lâu đời Cây đã được ghi chép trong 'Thần nông Bản thảo'. Dược liệu là quả thu hái khi chín vào mùa thu tại các vùng Hồ Nam, Hồ Bắc, Sơn Đông, An Huy.. (Nhật dược gọi là byakushitsuri, Korea là paekchillyo).
Vị thuốc được xem là có vị cay, đắng tính ấm; tác dụng vào các kinh mạch thuộc Can và Phế.
Bạch tật lê có những tác dụng:
- Bình Can và ổn định Dương: giúp trị nhức đầu choáng váng, chóng mặt do ở Dương Can 'thăng': trong trường hợp này được dùng chung với Cẩu đằng (gou-teng=Uncariae) và Ngưu tất (Niu-xi=Achyranthis Bidentatae).
- Phân tán Phong-Nhiệt và làm sáng mắt: giúp trị mắt sưng, đỏ, chảy nhiều nước mắt. Dùng chung với Cúc hoa (ju-hua=Chrysanthemi Morifolii) và Hạt muồng (Quyết minh tử=jue ming zi).
- Giúp lưu chuyền Khí tại Can: trị đau và cứng nơi sườn hay thiếu sữa do ở Can Khí bị tắc nghẽn. Dùng chung với Thanh bì (qing pi=Citri Reticulatae) và Hương phụ (Cò cú=xiang fu).
- Tán Phong và trị ngứa ngoài da. Dùng với Vỏ ve sầu (Thuyền xác= Chan-tui) và Rể Phòng phong (Fang feng) để trị ngứa.
Tài liệu sử dụng:
•Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (Government of India 1989)
•Chinese Herbal Medicine Materia Medica (Dan Bensky)
•Major Herbs of Ayurveda (E. Williamson)
•PubMed : www.ncbi.nlm.gov
•Từ điển Cây thuốc Việt Nam (Vò văn Chi)
•Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database (Pharmacist's Letter)
•Medicinal Plants of China ( J. Duke & E. Ayensu)
**** khoahoc.baodatviet.vn/Home/KHCN/Nghien-cuu-cay-bach-tat-l... : Nhấp vào link để đọc thêm , rất cảm ơn.
Nghiên cứu cây bạch tật lê làm thuốc
Cập nhật lúc :1:10 AM, 06/08/2012
Chọn được giống bạch tật lê có hàm lượng tribulosin cao là kết quả của đề tài nghiên cứu “điều tra, chọn lọc giống bạch tật lê (Tribullus terrestris) có hàm lượng saponin steroid cao phân bố ở Việt Nam và nhân giống chọn lọc từ hạt”.
Đề tài do Ths. Bùi Đình Thạch, Viện Sinh học nhiệt đới TP. HCM thực hiện.
_______________________________________________________________________________
**** plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=TRTE
**** www.weeds.org.au/cgi-bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&...
**** ayurvedicmedicinalplants.com/index.php?option=com_zoom&am...
**** www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17404054
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007 Jan;1095:418-27.
The analgesic effect of Tribulus terrestris extract and comparison of gastric ulcerogenicity of the extract with indomethacine in animal experiments.
Heidari MR, Mehrabani M, Pardakhty A, Khazaeli P, Zahedi MJ, Yakhchali M, Vahedian M.
Source
Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman, P.O. Box 76175-493. Iran. heidarimr@yahoo.com
Abstract
Tribulus terrestris has been used in traditional medicine for relieving rheumatic pain and as an analgesic plant for a long time. In this investigation the analgesic effect of methanolic extract of this plant on male albino mice was evaluated by formalin and tail flick test. Extraction of the fruits of the plant was done by two different methods (suxheletion and percolation) with methanol 80%. The percolated extract was injected intraperitoneally in mice at 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg. The results showed that a dose of 100 mg/kg of percolated extract had the highest significant analgesic effect compared to the control group (P < 0.01) in formalin and tail flick test. There is no significant difference in the analgesic effect of suxheleted and percolated extract. The analgesic effect of the extract was lower than morphine, 2.5 mg/kg in both tests, and higher than ASA 300 mg/kg in chronic phase of pain in formalin test (P < 0.05). Pretreatment of animal with naloxone did not change the analgesia induced by the plant extract in both tests, therefore the involvement of opioid receptor in the analgesic effect of this plant was excluded. The results of ulcerogenic studies indicate that the gastric ulcerogenecity of plant extract is lower than the indomethacin in the rat's stomach. It can therefore be concluded that T. terrestris extract has a suitable analgesic effect and further studies are required to produce a more effective product of this plant to substitute for conventional analgesic drugs.
**** en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribulus_terrestris
Growth
It is a taprooted herbaceous perennial plant that grows as a summer annual in colder climates. The stems radiate from the crown to a diameter of about 10 cm to over 1 m, often branching. They are usually prostrate, forming flat patches, though they may grow more upwards in shade or among taller plants. The leaves are pinnately compound with leaflets less than 6 mm (a quarter-inch) long. The flowers are 4–10 mm wide, with five lemon-yellow petals. A week after each flower blooms, it is followed by a fruit that easily falls apart into four or five single-seeded nutlets. The nutlets or "seeds" are hard and bear two to three sharp spines, 10 mm long and 4–6 mm broad point-to-point. These nutlets strikingly resemble goats' or bulls' heads; the "horns" are sharp enough to puncture bicycle tires and to cause painful injury to bare feet.
Etymology
The Greek word, τρίβολος meaning 'water-chestnut',[8] translated into Latin as tribulos. The Latin name tribulus originally meant the caltrop (a spiky weapon), but in Classical times already the word meant this plant as well
Cultivation and uses
The plant is widely naturalised in the Americas and also in Australia south of its native range. In some states in the United States, it is considered a noxious weed and an invasive species.[1]
It has been reported that the seeds or nutlets have been used in homicidal weapons smeared with the juice of Acokanthera venenata in southern Africa.
Dietary supplement
Some body builders use T. terrestris as post cycle therapy or "PCT".[citation needed] After they have completed an anabolic-steroid cycle, they use it under the assumption that it will restore the body's natural testosterone levels.
The extract is claimed to increase the body's natural testosterone levels and thereby improve male sexual performance and help build muscle. Its purported muscle-building potential was popularized by American IFBB bodybuilding champion Jeffrey Petermann in the early 1970s. However, T. terrestris has consistently failed to increase testosterone levels in controlled studies.[10][11][12] It has also failed to demonstrate strength-enhancing properties[13] - a finding indicating that the anabolic steroid effects of Tribulus terrestris may be more myth than fact.
Some users report an upset stomach, which can usually be counteracted by taking it with food
Traditional medicine
In traditional Chinese medicine Tribulus terrestris is known under the name bai ji li (白蒺藜). According to Bensky and Clavey, 2004 (Materia medica 3rd edition, pp. 975–976) Tribulus terrestris is ci ji li (刺蒺藜). "Confusion with Astragali complanati Semen (sha yuan zi) originally known as white ji li (白蒺藜 bai ji li), led some writers to attribute tonifying properties to this herb..."
T. terrestris has long been a constituent in tonics in Indian Ayurveda practice, where it is known by its Sanskrit name, "gokshura/ sarrata"[14] It is also used in Unani, another medical system of India.
Research in animals
T. terrestris has been shown to enhance sexual behavior in an animal model.[15] It appears to do so by stimulating androgen receptors in the brain.T. terrestris is now being promoted as a booster for the purpose of increasing sex drive. Its use for this purpose originated from a Bulgarian study conducted in the 1970s, which found effects on free testosterone and luteinizing hormone in men belonging to infertile couples.[citation needed] A research review conducted in 2000 stated that the lack of data outside of this study prevents generalizing to healthy individuals [16]
Animal studies in rats, rabbits and primates have demonstrated that administration of Tribulus terrestris extract can produce statistically significant increases in levels of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone,[17] and produces effects suggestive of aphrodisiac activity.[15] On the other hand, one recent study found that T. terrestris caused no increase in testosterone or LH in young men,[18] and another found that a commercial supplement containing androstenedione and herbal extracts, including T. terrestris, was no more effective at raising testosterone levels than androstenedione alone.[19]
The active chemical in T. terrestris is likely to be protodioscin (PTN).[20] In a study with mice, T. terrestris was shown to enhance mounting activity and erection better than testosterone cypionate;[citation needed] however, testosterone cypionate is a synthetic ester of testosterone engineered for its longer activity, rather than an immediate effect. Testosterone cypionate has a half-life of 8 days and is administereed every 2–4 weeks in humans for testosterone replacement.[21] The proerectile aphrodisiac properties were concluded to likely be due to the release of nitric oxide from the nerve endings innervating the corpus cavernosum penis.[citation needed] Also, T. terrestris was shown to have strong inhibitory activity on COX-2.[22] /* Research in animals */ Tribulus terrestris is also a good osmotic diuretic in human and useful in AKD (Acute Kidney Diseases ) and CKD (Chronic Kidney Diseases).[23]--NeeleshAD (talk) 16:33, 24 August 2012 (UTC)
Eradication
Where this is a non-indigenous species, eradication methods are often sought after. There are both biological and herbicidal solutions to the problem, but neither of them provide a solution which is both quick and long-lasting, because T. terrestris seeds remain viable for up to 3–7 years on average.
Physical
In smaller areas, puncture vine is best controlled with manual removal using a hoe to cut the plant off at its taproot. While this is effective, removing the entire plant by gripping the taproot, stem or trunk and pulling upward to remove the taproot is far more effective. This requires monitoring the area and removing the weed throughout the preseeding time (late spring and early summer in many temperate areas). This will greatly reduce the prevalence of the weed the following year. Mowing is not an effective method of eradication, because the plant grows flat against the ground.
Another avenue of physical eradication is to crowd out the opportunistic weed by providing good competition from favorable plants. Aerating compacted sites and planting competitive desirable plants including broad-leaved grasses such as St Augustine can reduce the impact of puncture vine by reducing resources available to the weed.
Chemical
Chemical control is generally recommended for home control of puncture vine. There are few pre-emergent herbicides that are effective. Products containing oryzalin, benefin, or trifluralin will provide partial control of germinating seeds. These must be applied prior to germination (late winter to midspring).
After plants have emerged from the soil (postemergent), products containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid ("2,4-D"), glyphosate, and dicamba are effective on puncture vine. Like most postemergents they are more effectively maintained when caught small and young. Dicamba and 2,4-D will cause harm to most broad-leaved plants so the user should take care to avoid over-application. They can be applied to lawns without injuring the desired grass. Glyphosate will kill or injure most plants so it should only be used as spot treatments or on solid stands of the weed.
Another product from DuPont called Pastora is highly effective, but expensive and not for lawn use.
Biological
Two weevils, Microlarinus lareynii and M. lypriformis, native to India, France, and Italy, were introduced into the United States as biocontrol agents in 1961. Both species of weevils are available for purchase from biological suppliers, but purchase and release is not often recommended because weevils collected from other areas may not survive at the purchaser's location.
Microlarinus lareynii is a seed weevil that deposits its eggs in the young burr or flower bud. The larvae feed on and destroy the seeds before they pupate, emerge, disperse, and start the cycle over again. Its life cycle time is 19 to 24 days. Microlarinus lypriformis is a stem weevil that has a similar life cycle, excepting the location of the eggs, which includes the undersides of stems, branches, and the root crown. The larvae tunnel in the pith where they feed and pupate. Adults of both species overwinter in plant debris. Although the stem weevil is slightly more effective than the seed weevil when each is used alone, the weevils are most effective if used together and the puncture vine is moisture-stressed.
Phytochemistry
Two alkaloids that seem to cause limb paresis (staggers) in sheep that eat Tribulus terrestulis are the beta-carboline alkaloids harman (harmane) and norharman (norharmane).[24] The alkaloid content of dried foliage is about 44 mg/kg
**** www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tribulus+terrestris : Click on link to read more, please.
Habitats
Cultivated Beds;
Edible Uses
Edible Parts: Fruit; Leaves.
Edible Uses:
Leaves and young shoots - cooked[144, 177]. A nutritional analysis is available[218]. Fruit - cooked. The unexpanded seed capsules are ground into a powder and made into a bread[2, 144, 177, 179]. A famine food, it is only used when all else fails[2].
Composition
Figures in grams (g) or miligrams (mg) per 100g of food.
Leaves (Fresh weight)
*0 Calories per 100g
*Water : 79.09%
*Protein: 7.22g; Fat: 0g; Carbohydrate: 0g; Fibre: 0g; Ash: 4.6g;
*Minerals - Calcium: 1600mg; Phosphorus: 80mg; Iron: 9.22mg; Magnesium: 0mg; Sodium: 0mg; Potassium: 0mg; Zinc: 0mg;
*Vitamins - A: 0mg; Thiamine (B1): 0mg; Riboflavin (B2): 0mg; Niacin: 0mg; B6: 0mg; C: 41mg;
*Reference: [ 218]
*Notes:
Medicinal Uses
Plants For A Future can not take any responsibility for any adverse effects from the use of plants. Always seek advice from a professional before using a plant medicinally.
Abortifacient; Alterative; Anthelmintic; Aphrodisiac; Carminative; Demulcent; Diuretic; Galactogogue; Infertility; Pectoral.
The seed is abortifacient, alterative, anthelmintic, aphrodisiac, astringent, carminative, demulcent, diuretic, emmenagogue, galactogogue, pectoral and tonic[4, 147, 176, 178, 218]. It stimulates blood circulation[147]. A decoction is used in treating impotency in males, nocturnal emissions, gonorrhoea and incontinence of urine[4, 240]. It has also proved effective in treating painful urination, gout and kidney diseases[240]. The plant has shown anticancer activity[218]. The flowers are used in the treatment of leprosy[218]. The stems are used in the treatment of scabious skin diseases and psoriasis[218]. The dried and concocted fruits are used in the treatment of congestion, gas, headache, liver, ophthalmia and stomatitis[218].
Puncturevine, Burra Gokharu, Caltrop, Tribulus terrestris....Tật Lê, Bạch Tật Lê, Gai ma vương, Quỷ kiến sầu nhỏ ....#2
Image by Vietnam Plants & The USA. plants
Chụp hình ngày 8 - 9 - 2012 tại thành phố Waco, tiểu bang Texas, thuộc miền Nam nước Mỹ
Cây được phát hiện mọc hoang ở vùng đất khô, đất cát dọc ven biển các tỉnh Quảng Bình, Quảng Trị, Thừa Thiên Huế và các tỉnh miền Nam.
Taken on Sept 8, 2012 in Waco city, Texas state, Southern of America.
Vietnamese named : Tật Lê, Bạch Tật Lê, Gai ma vương, Gai chống, Quỷ Kiến Sầu nhỏ.
Common names : Bindii, Bullhead, Burra Gokharu, Caltrop, Cat's head, Devil's eyelashes, Devil's thorn, Devil's weed,Goathead, Puncturevine,Tackweed.
Scientist name : Tribulus terrestris L.
Synonyms :
Family : Zygophyllaceae – Creosote-bush family
Group : Dicot
Duration : Annual
Growth Habit : Forb/herb
Kingdom : Plantae – Plants
Subkingdom : Tracheobionta – Vascular plants
Superdivision : Spermatophyta – Seed plants
Division : Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants
Class : Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons
Subclass : Rosidae
Order : Sapindales
Genus : Tribulus L. – puncturevine
Species : Tribulus terrestris L. – puncturevine
**** www.tvvn.org/forum/showwiki.php?title=Chapter:Gai_Ch%E1%B... : Dược sỉ Trần Việt Hưng
Viagra được xem là một viên thuốc đã đem đến một cuộc 'cách mạng' trong vấn đề sinh hoạt 'tình dục'. Rất nhiều bài viết trên các tạp chí thông thường cũng như tập san chuyên môn đã đề cập đến Viagra. Tuy nhiên hiện vẫn còn câu hỏi được nhiều người chờ giải đáp là 'có dược thảo nào thay thế được Viagra không?'. Trong tạp chí Natural Health số tháng 9-10 năm 1998, Rob Ivker D.O., khi trả lời bạn đọc trên mục "Man to Man" có đề cập đến 2 dược thảo Yohimbine, và 'Puncture Vine' hay Tribulus terrestris. Yohimbine là cây thuốc quen thuộc với giới Y-dược, nhưng Tribulus terrestris mới thật sự là cây thuốc đáng chú ý vì rất dễ tìm tại Việt Nam và quả thật có tác dụng không kém Viagra!
Tribulus terrestris, gia đình thực vật Zygophyllaceae được gọi tại Việt Nam là cây Gai Chống, cùng những tên khác như Bạch tật lê, Gai ma vương,Thích tật lê... Cây mọc rất phổ biến tại Ấn Độ, Trung Hoa, Việt Nam, vài vùng tại Âu châu và Nam Phi nơi những vùng đất hoang dại. Tên gọi tại Ấn Độ là Gokhru ( chữ Phạn = Gokshura). Tên Gokhru do ở hình dạng của quả giống như móng bò.
Tại Hoa Kỳ, cây được gọi dưới nhiều tên như Puncture vine, Abrojos, Caltrop, Cat's-Head, Common Dubblejie, Devil's-Thorn, Goathead, Nature's Viagra (!). Tên Puncture Vine là do ở hạt của cây nhọn đến độ có thể làm xì lốp xe đạp.
Tại Việt Nam, Gai chống mọc hoang dại ở những vùng đất khô, đất cát dọc vùng ven biển từ miền Trung (Quảng Bình) xuống miền Nam.
Cây thuộc loại thân thảo, mọc hàng năm hay lưỡng niên, bò sát mặt đất, phân nhiều nhánh, nhánh có thể dài 30-60 cm, trên thân có lông nhung ngắn. Lá kép , lông chim có 5-7 lá chét. Lá thuôn dài 5-10 mm, mặt dưới có phiến phủ lông trắng. Hoa mọc đơn độc, màu vàng nhạt, mọc riêng lẻ ở kẽ lá, cuống hoa ngắn có lông trắng. Quả đa dạng, thường có hình 5 cạnh , mỗi khoang chứa nhiều hạt. Rễ hình trụ, dài 10-15 cm, màu nâu nhạt, có mùi thơm nhẹ. Cây trổ hoa vào cuối mùa xuân, đầu mùa hạ.
Phần dùng làm dược liệu là quả và rễ.
Thành phần hóa học:
- Phytosterols và Saponins:
Quả chứa Protodioscin, methylprotodioscin, terrestrosins A-E, desgalactotigonin, F-gitonin, desglucolanatigonin, gitonin và các glycosides loại furostanol cùng với Beta-sitosterol, spirosta-3,5-diene và stigmasterol. Hai saponins có chứa nhóm sulfate mới được cô lập năm 2002 là Prototribestrin và methylprototribestrin
Hoa cũng chứa các sapogenins loại sterod thuộc nhóm diosgenin, hecogenin và ruscogenin.
- Flavonoids: Trong Hoa có Kaempferol , Kaempferol-3-glucoside, Kaempferol-3-rutinoside và Quercetin.
- Lignans: như Tribulusamides A và B.
- Alkaloids: Harman và Harmine.
- Lá Tribulus đôi khi được ăn như rau chứa 7.22 % protein, 1.55 % Cal cium ; 0.08 % Phosphorus ; 9.22 mg Sắt/ 100 g lá và 41.5 mg Vit C.
- Quả cũng chứa một số chất béo (3.5-5%) như stearic, palmitic, myristic, arachidic, behinic acid.
Đặc tính Dược học:
Đa số các nghiên cứu về dược tính của Tribulus terrestris được thực hiện tại Ấn Độ, Trung Hoa và Nhật Bản.
1- Khả năng chống sạn thận:
Dịch triết bằng ethanol của quả Tribulus cho thấy có tác dụng bảo vệ khá mạnh chống lại sự tạo sạn gây ra bằng cách cấy hạt thủy tinh vào chuột bạch tạng; tác dụng này tuỳ vào liều sử dụng, và do ở phần hoạt chất tan trong methanol (Indian Journal of Experimental Biology Số 32/1994). Tác dụng ly giải sạn (litholytic) cũng được nghiên cứu nơi chuột bị tạo ra tình trạng dư oxalat trong nước tiểu (hyperoxalurea) bằng hydroxy pyroline và sodium glycolate: khi cho chuột uống dịch trích bằng nước Tribulus, sự bài tiết oxalate theo nước tiểu trở về mức bình thường sau 21 ngày và giữ nguyên được mức độ này trong 15 ngày sau khi ngưng thuốc (Phytotherapy Research Số 7-1993). Cơ chế hoạt động của Tribulus terrestris được giải thích như sau: do tác dụng ức chế men glycolic acid oxydase, (GAO) men này giúp chuyển hoá glycolate thành glyoxylate. Hoạt động của GAO đưa đến kết quả là có phản ứng oxy hóa glycolic acid thành glyoxylate (một chất biến dưỡng độc), và sau cùng thành oxalate.
2- Tác dụng lợi tiểu:
Dịch trích bằng nước Terrestris chứa lượng Potassium khá cao, có thể tạo tác dụng lợi tiểu. Nghiên cứu tại khoa niệu học, bệnh viện The Royal London & Homerton, London (Anh) cho thấy dịch trích Terrestris tribulus bằng nước, ở liều uống 5g/kg có tác dụng lợi tiểu hơi mạnh hơn furosemide, nồng độ của các ions Na(+), K(+),Cl(-) trong nước tiểu cũng gia tăng. Tác dụng của Tribulus mạnh hơn là tác dụng của râu bắp. Ngoài ra Tribulus còn tạo ra co bóp ruột non nơi chuột bọ thử nghiệm (J Ethnopharmacology Số 85(Apr)-2003.
3- Tác dụng bảo vệ Thận:
Sự hư hại nơi thận gây ra bởi gentamycin được giảm bớt khi cho dùng chung với Tribulus terrestris (Update Ayurveda 1994.
4- Hoạt tính kháng sinh:
Dịch trích từ Quả và Lá Tribulus terrestris có hoạt tính kháng Escherichia và Staphyloccus aureus (J of Research in Indian Medicine Số 9-1974).
5- Tác dụng kích thích tim:
Dung dịch tinh khiết hóa một phần của Tribulus có tác dụng kích thích cơ tim (cô lập) rất mạnh: có sự gia tăng lực co bóp cùng với tác dụng chronotropic âm. Saponins ly trích từ Tribulus tạo ra sự giản nở động mạch vành, giúp cải thiện sự tuần hoàn động mạch nơi những bệnh nhân bị bệnh tim/ động mạch: Thử nghiệm trên 406 bệnh nhân bị angina pectoris tại Bệnh viện Jilin (Trung Hoa) cho dùng saponins trích từ Tribulus đưa đến kết quả thành công đến 82.3 %: EEG được cải thiện nơi 52.7 % (Pub Med PMID:2364467).
6- Tác dụng tăng khả năng sinh sản:
Các biglycosides loại furostanol cô lập từ dịch chiết bằng alcohol có tác dụng kích thích sự sản xuất tinh trùng và hoạt tính của tế bào Sertoli nơi chuột.Terrestrioside-F làm tăng libido và đáp ứng tình dục nơi chuột đực đồng thời tạo tiềm năng rụng trứng, gia tăng khả năng thụ thai nơi chuột cái ( J Science Research and Plant Medicine in India Số 1-1980).
7- Tác dụng trên chứng rối loạn cường dương:
Protodioscin được cho là có tác dụng cải thiện sự ham muốn tình dục, và gia tăng độ cường dương bằng cách chuyển biến protodioscin thành DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone). Tuy nhiên, lượng protodioscin trong cây rất biến đổi, khó định được hàm lượng chính xác. (Journal of Andro logy (Số 23-2000).
Một nghiên cứu về tác dụng của Tribulus terrestris trên các tế bào xốp (corpus cavernosum) ở cơ quan sinh dục đã cô lập nơi thỏ, đồng thời xác định cơ chế hoạt tính của cây đã được thực hiện tại Đại học Y Khoa Singapore: Thỏ được cho uống mỗi ngày một lần dịch trích từ Tribulus, liên tục trong 8 tuần, theo những liều lượng khác nhau. Thỏ sau đó bị giết và mô tế bào bộ phận sinh dục được cô lập để lượng định sự đáp ứng với thuốc và với sự kích ứng bằng điện trường. Các phản ứng thư giãn với acetylcholine, nitroglycerin và EFS được so sánh với các thông số kiểm soát: Sự mất hoạt tính trên đáp ứng co rút với noradrenaline và histamine cho thấy prodioscin có tác dụng thật sự trên khả năng cường dương do ở sự gia tăng phóng thích nitric oxide từ tế bào endothelium và tế bào thần kinh nitrergic.(Ann Acad Med Singapore Số 29 (Jan)-2000).
Nghiên cứu kế tiếp, cũng tại ĐH Y Khoa Singapore (Life Science Số 71 tháng 8-2002) đã thử nghiệm Tribulus terrestris trên chuột, chia thành 2 nhóm: nhóm bình thường và nhóm bị thiến, cho dùng Tribulus, đối chứng với Testosterone; các thông số nghiên cứu dựa trên các hoạt động tình dục và áp lực trên các tế bào xốp nơi bộ phận sinh dục như số lượt muốn giao cấu, muốn nhẩy đực, thời gian xuất tinh ... Kết quả cho thấy nhóm dùng Tribulus có những gia tăng hoạt động tình dục rõ rệt, riêng nhóm chuột bị thiến có sự gia tăng trọng lượng cúa tuyến nhiếp hộ, và áp lực trên các tế bào xốp.
Những nghiên cứu khác tại ĐH Iowa State, thử nghiệm các sản phẩm phối hợp Tribulus terrestris với Androstenediol, Saw palmetto, Indol-3-Carbinol, Chrysin.. bán trên thị trường như DION, AND-HB.. cho thấy những kết quả như có sự gia tăng nồng độ testosterone tự do nơi nhóm người trên 50 tuổi, đồng thời androstenedione kèm theo trong các sản phẩm không bị ngăn ngừa để chuyển biến thành estradiol và dihydrotesto sterone (J. Am Coll Nutr. Tháng 10-2001).
8- Tác dụng hạ đường trong máu:
Thử nghiệm tại ĐH East China Normal University, Thượng Hải dùng chuột bị tạo bệnh tiểu đường bằng alloxan, cho uống saponins trích từ Tribulus, so sánh với viên phenformin (đối chứng). Kết quả ghi nhận saponins trong Tribulus làm giảm mức glucose trong máu rõ rệt với những tỷ lệ 26.25 % nơi chuột bình thường và 40.67 % nơi chuột bị tiểu đường. Mức triglycerides cũng giảm hạ được 23.35 %. Hoạt tính của SOD cũng gia tăng (PubMed-PMID :12583337).
9- Hoạt tính trên tế bào ung thư:
Các saponins loại steroid của Tribulus đã được thử nghiệm về khả năng kháng sinh và giết tế bào ung thư (Pharmazie July 2002). Các saponins steroid nhóm spirostanol có tác động rất mạnh trên các nấm Candida albicans và Cryptococcus neoformans, và trên các tế bảo ung thư các loại melanoma SK-MEL, carcinoma miệng KB, carcinoma vú BT-549 và carcinoma buồng trứng SK-OV-3..
Tribulus terrestris trong Dược học dân gian:
Tribulus terrestris được sử dụng tại Việt Nam, Ấn Độ, Trung Hoa để trị một số bệnh trong dược học dân gian:
- Tại Ấn Độ: Quả được dùng trong nhiều bệnh như giúp khai vị, chống sưng viêm, điều kinh, kiện vị, bổ, lợi tiểu, sinh sữa, tráng dương, ngoài ra cũng còn dùng trong các bệnh về bàng quang giúp lợi tiểu, trị sạn, sưng gan phong thấp; trị bệnh ngoài da như psoriasis, cùi và ghẻ.
- Tại Việt Nam: Tribulus hay Gai chống được dùng trị đau đầu, đỏ mắt, chảy nhiều nước mắt, phong ngứa, kinh nguyệt không đều, sữa không thông. Dùng quả chín sắc uống để trị kiết lỵ ra máu.
- Tại Trung Hoa: Hoa dùng để trị cùi, Đọt lá trị ghẻ; Quả khô hay sắc để trị đầy hơi, sưng gan, đau mắt, bệnh thận. Hạt có tính trụy thai, trị sán lãi, ho, xuất huyết.
Tribulus terrestris trong Đông Y:
Đông Y cổ truyền sử dụng Tribulus hay Bạch tật lê (Bai-ji-li) từ lâu đời Cây đã được ghi chép trong 'Thần nông Bản thảo'. Dược liệu là quả thu hái khi chín vào mùa thu tại các vùng Hồ Nam, Hồ Bắc, Sơn Đông, An Huy.. (Nhật dược gọi là byakushitsuri, Korea là paekchillyo).
Vị thuốc được xem là có vị cay, đắng tính ấm; tác dụng vào các kinh mạch thuộc Can và Phế.
Bạch tật lê có những tác dụng:
- Bình Can và ổn định Dương: giúp trị nhức đầu choáng váng, chóng mặt do ở Dương Can 'thăng': trong trường hợp này được dùng chung với Cẩu đằng (gou-teng=Uncariae) và Ngưu tất (Niu-xi=Achyranthis Bidentatae).
- Phân tán Phong-Nhiệt và làm sáng mắt: giúp trị mắt sưng, đỏ, chảy nhiều nước mắt. Dùng chung với Cúc hoa (ju-hua=Chrysanthemi Morifolii) và Hạt muồng (Quyết minh tử=jue ming zi).
- Giúp lưu chuyền Khí tại Can: trị đau và cứng nơi sườn hay thiếu sữa do ở Can Khí bị tắc nghẽn. Dùng chung với Thanh bì (qing pi=Citri Reticulatae) và Hương phụ (Cò cú=xiang fu).
- Tán Phong và trị ngứa ngoài da. Dùng với Vỏ ve sầu (Thuyền xác= Chan-tui) và Rể Phòng phong (Fang feng) để trị ngứa.
Tài liệu sử dụng:
•Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (Government of India 1989)
•Chinese Herbal Medicine Materia Medica (Dan Bensky)
•Major Herbs of Ayurveda (E. Williamson)
•PubMed : www.ncbi.nlm.gov
•Từ điển Cây thuốc Việt Nam (Vò văn Chi)
•Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database (Pharmacist's Letter)
•Medicinal Plants of China ( J. Duke & E. Ayensu)
**** khoahoc.baodatviet.vn/Home/KHCN/Nghien-cuu-cay-bach-tat-l... : Nhấp vào link để đọc thêm , rất cảm ơn.
Nghiên cứu cây bạch tật lê làm thuốc
Cập nhật lúc :1:10 AM, 06/08/2012
Chọn được giống bạch tật lê có hàm lượng tribulosin cao là kết quả của đề tài nghiên cứu “điều tra, chọn lọc giống bạch tật lê (Tribullus terrestris) có hàm lượng saponin steroid cao phân bố ở Việt Nam và nhân giống chọn lọc từ hạt”.
Đề tài do Ths. Bùi Đình Thạch, Viện Sinh học nhiệt đới TP. HCM thực hiện.
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**** plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=TRTE
**** www.weeds.org.au/cgi-bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&...
**** ayurvedicmedicinalplants.com/index.php?option=com_zoom&am...
**** www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17404054
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007 Jan;1095:418-27.
The analgesic effect of Tribulus terrestris extract and comparison of gastric ulcerogenicity of the extract with indomethacine in animal experiments.
Heidari MR, Mehrabani M, Pardakhty A, Khazaeli P, Zahedi MJ, Yakhchali M, Vahedian M.
Source
Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman, P.O. Box 76175-493. Iran. heidarimr@yahoo.com
Abstract
Tribulus terrestris has been used in traditional medicine for relieving rheumatic pain and as an analgesic plant for a long time. In this investigation the analgesic effect of methanolic extract of this plant on male albino mice was evaluated by formalin and tail flick test. Extraction of the fruits of the plant was done by two different methods (suxheletion and percolation) with methanol 80%. The percolated extract was injected intraperitoneally in mice at 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg. The results showed that a dose of 100 mg/kg of percolated extract had the highest significant analgesic effect compared to the control group (P < 0.01) in formalin and tail flick test. There is no significant difference in the analgesic effect of suxheleted and percolated extract. The analgesic effect of the extract was lower than morphine, 2.5 mg/kg in both tests, and higher than ASA 300 mg/kg in chronic phase of pain in formalin test (P < 0.05). Pretreatment of animal with naloxone did not change the analgesia induced by the plant extract in both tests, therefore the involvement of opioid receptor in the analgesic effect of this plant was excluded. The results of ulcerogenic studies indicate that the gastric ulcerogenecity of plant extract is lower than the indomethacin in the rat's stomach. It can therefore be concluded that T. terrestris extract has a suitable analgesic effect and further studies are required to produce a more effective product of this plant to substitute for conventional analgesic drugs.
**** en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribulus_terrestris
Growth
It is a taprooted herbaceous perennial plant that grows as a summer annual in colder climates. The stems radiate from the crown to a diameter of about 10 cm to over 1 m, often branching. They are usually prostrate, forming flat patches, though they may grow more upwards in shade or among taller plants. The leaves are pinnately compound with leaflets less than 6 mm (a quarter-inch) long. The flowers are 4–10 mm wide, with five lemon-yellow petals. A week after each flower blooms, it is followed by a fruit that easily falls apart into four or five single-seeded nutlets. The nutlets or "seeds" are hard and bear two to three sharp spines, 10 mm long and 4–6 mm broad point-to-point. These nutlets strikingly resemble goats' or bulls' heads; the "horns" are sharp enough to puncture bicycle tires and to cause painful injury to bare feet.
Etymology
The Greek word, τρίβολος meaning 'water-chestnut',[8] translated into Latin as tribulos. The Latin name tribulus originally meant the caltrop (a spiky weapon), but in Classical times already the word meant this plant as well
Cultivation and uses
The plant is widely naturalised in the Americas and also in Australia south of its native range. In some states in the United States, it is considered a noxious weed and an invasive species.[1]
It has been reported that the seeds or nutlets have been used in homicidal weapons smeared with the juice of Acokanthera venenata in southern Africa.
Dietary supplement
Some body builders use T. terrestris as post cycle therapy or "PCT".[citation needed] After they have completed an anabolic-steroid cycle, they use it under the assumption that it will restore the body's natural testosterone levels.
The extract is claimed to increase the body's natural testosterone levels and thereby improve male sexual performance and help build muscle. Its purported muscle-building potential was popularized by American IFBB bodybuilding champion Jeffrey Petermann in the early 1970s. However, T. terrestris has consistently failed to increase testosterone levels in controlled studies.[10][11][12] It has also failed to demonstrate strength-enhancing properties[13] - a finding indicating that the anabolic steroid effects of Tribulus terrestris may be more myth than fact.
Some users report an upset stomach, which can usually be counteracted by taking it with food
Traditional medicine
In traditional Chinese medicine Tribulus terrestris is known under the name bai ji li (白蒺藜). According to Bensky and Clavey, 2004 (Materia medica 3rd edition, pp. 975–976) Tribulus terrestris is ci ji li (刺蒺藜). "Confusion with Astragali complanati Semen (sha yuan zi) originally known as white ji li (白蒺藜 bai ji li), led some writers to attribute tonifying properties to this herb..."
T. terrestris has long been a constituent in tonics in Indian Ayurveda practice, where it is known by its Sanskrit name, "gokshura/ sarrata"[14] It is also used in Unani, another medical system of India.
Research in animals
T. terrestris has been shown to enhance sexual behavior in an animal model.[15] It appears to do so by stimulating androgen receptors in the brain.T. terrestris is now being promoted as a booster for the purpose of increasing sex drive. Its use for this purpose originated from a Bulgarian study conducted in the 1970s, which found effects on free testosterone and luteinizing hormone in men belonging to infertile couples.[citation needed] A research review conducted in 2000 stated that the lack of data outside of this study prevents generalizing to healthy individuals [16]
Animal studies in rats, rabbits and primates have demonstrated that administration of Tribulus terrestris extract can produce statistically significant increases in levels of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone,[17] and produces effects suggestive of aphrodisiac activity.[15] On the other hand, one recent study found that T. terrestris caused no increase in testosterone or LH in young men,[18] and another found that a commercial supplement containing androstenedione and herbal extracts, including T. terrestris, was no more effective at raising testosterone levels than androstenedione alone.[19]
The active chemical in T. terrestris is likely to be protodioscin (PTN).[20] In a study with mice, T. terrestris was shown to enhance mounting activity and erection better than testosterone cypionate;[citation needed] however, testosterone cypionate is a synthetic ester of testosterone engineered for its longer activity, rather than an immediate effect. Testosterone cypionate has a half-life of 8 days and is administereed every 2–4 weeks in humans for testosterone replacement.[21] The proerectile aphrodisiac properties were concluded to likely be due to the release of nitric oxide from the nerve endings innervating the corpus cavernosum penis.[citation needed] Also, T. terrestris was shown to have strong inhibitory activity on COX-2.[22] /* Research in animals */ Tribulus terrestris is also a good osmotic diuretic in human and useful in AKD (Acute Kidney Diseases ) and CKD (Chronic Kidney Diseases).[23]--NeeleshAD (talk) 16:33, 24 August 2012 (UTC)
Eradication
Where this is a non-indigenous species, eradication methods are often sought after. There are both biological and herbicidal solutions to the problem, but neither of them provide a solution which is both quick and long-lasting, because T. terrestris seeds remain viable for up to 3–7 years on average.
Physical
In smaller areas, puncture vine is best controlled with manual removal using a hoe to cut the plant off at its taproot. While this is effective, removing the entire plant by gripping the taproot, stem or trunk and pulling upward to remove the taproot is far more effective. This requires monitoring the area and removing the weed throughout the preseeding time (late spring and early summer in many temperate areas). This will greatly reduce the prevalence of the weed the following year. Mowing is not an effective method of eradication, because the plant grows flat against the ground.
Another avenue of physical eradication is to crowd out the opportunistic weed by providing good competition from favorable plants. Aerating compacted sites and planting competitive desirable plants including broad-leaved grasses such as St Augustine can reduce the impact of puncture vine by reducing resources available to the weed.
Chemical
Chemical control is generally recommended for home control of puncture vine. There are few pre-emergent herbicides that are effective. Products containing oryzalin, benefin, or trifluralin will provide partial control of germinating seeds. These must be applied prior to germination (late winter to midspring).
After plants have emerged from the soil (postemergent), products containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid ("2,4-D"), glyphosate, and dicamba are effective on puncture vine. Like most postemergents they are more effectively maintained when caught small and young. Dicamba and 2,4-D will cause harm to most broad-leaved plants so the user should take care to avoid over-application. They can be applied to lawns without injuring the desired grass. Glyphosate will kill or injure most plants so it should only be used as spot treatments or on solid stands of the weed.
Another product from DuPont called Pastora is highly effective, but expensive and not for lawn use.
Biological
Two weevils, Microlarinus lareynii and M. lypriformis, native to India, France, and Italy, were introduced into the United States as biocontrol agents in 1961. Both species of weevils are available for purchase from biological suppliers, but purchase and release is not often recommended because weevils collected from other areas may not survive at the purchaser's location.
Microlarinus lareynii is a seed weevil that deposits its eggs in the young burr or flower bud. The larvae feed on and destroy the seeds before they pupate, emerge, disperse, and start the cycle over again. Its life cycle time is 19 to 24 days. Microlarinus lypriformis is a stem weevil that has a similar life cycle, excepting the location of the eggs, which includes the undersides of stems, branches, and the root crown. The larvae tunnel in the pith where they feed and pupate. Adults of both species overwinter in plant debris. Although the stem weevil is slightly more effective than the seed weevil when each is used alone, the weevils are most effective if used together and the puncture vine is moisture-stressed.
Phytochemistry
Two alkaloids that seem to cause limb paresis (staggers) in sheep that eat Tribulus terrestulis are the beta-carboline alkaloids harman (harmane) and norharman (norharmane).[24] The alkaloid content of dried foliage is about 44 mg/kg
**** www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tribulus+terrestris : Click on link to read more, please.
Habitats
Cultivated Beds;
Edible Uses
Edible Parts: Fruit; Leaves.
Edible Uses:
Leaves and young shoots - cooked[144, 177]. A nutritional analysis is available[218]. Fruit - cooked. The unexpanded seed capsules are ground into a powder and made into a bread[2, 144, 177, 179]. A famine food, it is only used when all else fails[2].
Composition
Figures in grams (g) or miligrams (mg) per 100g of food.
Leaves (Fresh weight)
*0 Calories per 100g
*Water : 79.09%
*Protein: 7.22g; Fat: 0g; Carbohydrate: 0g; Fibre: 0g; Ash: 4.6g;
*Minerals - Calcium: 1600mg; Phosphorus: 80mg; Iron: 9.22mg; Magnesium: 0mg; Sodium: 0mg; Potassium: 0mg; Zinc: 0mg;
*Vitamins - A: 0mg; Thiamine (B1): 0mg; Riboflavin (B2): 0mg; Niacin: 0mg; B6: 0mg; C: 41mg;
*Reference: [ 218]
*Notes:
Medicinal Uses
Plants For A Future can not take any responsibility for any adverse effects from the use of plants. Always seek advice from a professional before using a plant medicinally.
Abortifacient; Alterative; Anthelmintic; Aphrodisiac; Carminative; Demulcent; Diuretic; Galactogogue; Infertility; Pectoral.
The seed is abortifacient, alterative, anthelmintic, aphrodisiac, astringent, carminative, demulcent, diuretic, emmenagogue, galactogogue, pectoral and tonic[4, 147, 176, 178, 218]. It stimulates blood circulation[147]. A decoction is used in treating impotency in males, nocturnal emissions, gonorrhoea and incontinence of urine[4, 240]. It has also proved effective in treating painful urination, gout and kidney diseases[240]. The plant has shown anticancer activity[218]. The flowers are used in the treatment of leprosy[218]. The stems are used in the treatment of scabious skin diseases and psoriasis[218]. The dried and concocted fruits are used in the treatment of congestion, gas, headache, liver, ophthalmia and stomatitis[218].
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This bird held this pose for a few minutes. I have no idea what it was doing. Whatever it was made it a lot easier to shoot than crows usually are.
View large on black
~~~
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Corvidae
Genus: Corvus
Species: C. ossifragus
Binomial name: Corvus ossifragus
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Image by Najwa Marafie - Free Photographer
قال تعالى: { الحج أشهر معلومات فمن فرض فيهن الحج فلا رفث ولا فسوق ولا جدال في الحج وما تفعلوا من خير يعلمه الله وتزودوا فإن خير الزاد التقوى واتقونِ يا أولي الألباب } (البقرة:197)
The Hajj (Arabic: حج Ḥajj) is the annual pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia. It is currently the largest annual pilgrimage in the world,[1] and is the fifth pillar of Islam, a religious duty that must be carried out at least once in their lifetime by every able-bodied Muslim who can afford to do so. The Hajj is a demonstration of the solidarity of the Muslim people, and their submission to God (Allah in the Arabic language).
The pilgrimage occurs from the 8th to 12th day of Dhu al-Hijjah, the 12th and last month of the Islamic calendar. Because the Islamic calendar is a lunar calendar, eleven days shorter than the Gregorian calendar used in the Western world, the Gregorian date of the Hajj changes from year to year. Ihram is the name given to the special state in which Muslims live while on the pilgrimage.
The Hajj is associated with the life of Islamic prophet Muhammad from the 7th century, but the ritual of pilgrimage to Mecca is considered by Muslims to stretch back thousands of years to the time of Abraham (Ibrahim). Pilgrims join processions of hundreds of thousands of people, who simultaneously converge on Mecca for the week of the Hajj, and perform a series of rituals: Each person walks counter-clockwise seven times around the Kaaba, the cube-shaped building which acts as the Muslim direction of prayer, runs back and forth between the hills of Al-Safa and Al-Marwah, drinks from the Zamzam Well, goes to the plains of Mount Arafat to stand in vigil, and throws stones in a ritual Stoning of the Devil. The pilgrims then shave their heads, perform a ritual of animal sacrifice, and celebrate the three day global festival of Eid al-Adha.[3][4][5]
As of 2010, about three million pilgrims participate in this annual pilgrimage.[6][7] Crowd-control techniques have become critical, and because of the large numbers of people, many of the rituals have become more stylized. It is not necessary to kiss the Black Stone, but merely to point at it on each circuit around the Kaaba. Throwing pebbles was done at large pillars, which for safety reasons in 2004 were changed to long walls with catch basins below to catch the stones. The slaughter of an animal can be done either personally, or by appointing someone else to do it, and so forth.[8] But even with the crowd control techniques, there are still many incidents during the Hajj, as pilgrims are trampled in a crush, or ramps collapse under the weight of the many visitors, causing hundreds of deaths. Pilgrims can also go to Mecca to perform the rituals at other times of the year. This is sometimes called the "lesser pilgrimage", or Umrah. However, even if one chooses to perform the Umrah, they are still obligated to perform the Hajj at some other point in their lifetime if they have the means to do so.
more information about Hajj
===================================
Location: Al-Masjid al-Ḥarām
City: Makka
Country: KSA
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The Exchange Club of Naperville and the 2012 Ribfest was presented by the Exchange Club of Naperville, in cooperation with the City of Naperville and the Naperville Park District, Ribfest was held Friday, June 29 through Tuesday, July 3, 2012 in Knoch Park in Naperville. The Park was open on Friday, June 29 from 4 to 10 p.m. and from Saturday, June 30 through Tuesday, July 3 from noon to 10 p.m.
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Photograph taken by Michael Kappel at Ribfest in Naperville
View the high resolution photo on my picture website
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The Exchange Club of Naperville and the 2012 Ribfest was presented by the Exchange Club of Naperville, in cooperation with the City of Naperville and the Naperville Park District, Ribfest was held Friday, June 29 through Tuesday, July 3, 2012 in Knoch Park in Naperville. The Park was open on Friday, June 29 from 4 to 10 p.m. and from Saturday, June 30 through Tuesday, July 3 from noon to 10 p.m.
Follow me on Tumblr
Photoblog.MichaelKappel.com/
Photograph taken by Michael Kappel at Ribfest in Naperville
View the high resolution photo on my picture website
Pictures.MichaelKappel.com
Naperville Ribfest 058
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Naperville Ribfest 2012
The Exchange Club of Naperville and the 2012 Ribfest was presented by the Exchange Club of Naperville, in cooperation with the City of Naperville and the Naperville Park District, Ribfest was held Friday, June 29 through Tuesday, July 3, 2012 in Knoch Park in Naperville. The Park was open on Friday, June 29 from 4 to 10 p.m. and from Saturday, June 30 through Tuesday, July 3 from noon to 10 p.m.
Follow me on Tumblr
Photoblog.MichaelKappel.com/
Photograph taken by Michael Kappel at Ribfest in Naperville
View the high resolution photo on my picture website
Pictures.MichaelKappel.com
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The life size bronze monument depicts a firefighter looking down at his canine partner who in turn is looking up at his partner ready to work. This incredible monument, From Ashes to Answers, was sculpted by 22 year old artist and Colorado firefighter, Austin Weishel. The bronzing process is being completed by BRONZE SERVICES FINE ART FOUNDRY in Loveland, CO.
The monument traveled from Denver, CO to Washington D.C. for placement at D.C. Fire Station #3 where the general public will be able to view it. The National Fire Dog Monument road show; is co-sponsored by State Farm and the American Humane Association. The monument made stops at state capitals along the way to D.C. as a way to recognize the contributions of first responders and their canine partners.
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“Why is it you see so many cats after it stops raining”? He said as he put the finishing touches to the most grotesque display of dental hygiene that I had been forced to bare witness to. “I thought that cats despised water?”
“They do”, I said.
“Then what the fuck are they doing running around in the Rain?”
“I think they are doing quite the opposite.”
“What the hell are you talking about?”
“Well, cats are independent animals. They do whatever it is they want and go where ever they choose, but because all cats move to their own beat then its very rare that you see them moving at the same time, except when it rains. The beginning of the rain signals an end to the seemingly random movements and sends them running for shelter. Its like resetting the system so to speak. So when the rain stops the system restarts, but with every cat starting at the same moment in time creating the illusion that its been raining cats. Raining cats and dogs. “
“I said nothing about dogs you dick”
And that was that.
Most conversations ended like that. Pissed that a logical solution had been applied to the discussion, he chose to end it with a childish retort. A verbal raspberry if you like. Usually I would fall for the trap and throw an equally ‘non-comment’ back at him but tonight I just didn’t have the resolve to head down that petty path.
Besides, tonight was different. I was on a high. Disillusioned maybe, but on a high none the less. Every end is the beginning of something new. It was the mantra I was repeating to myself every time I begun to dwell on the fact that life as I had known it was done. There was no going back this time for the damage was irreversible. Not only bridges had been burnt but whole infrastructures had been destroyed. Parliament had been dissolved and the sheriff had left town. But fuck it. What’s done is done. The storm had past and it was time I started to move with the other cats.
“Beer, dog fucker?”
Relentless. “Does a bear shit in the woods?”
